Decline and Spanish Rule Despite its wealth, Portugal faced decline, leading to a 60-year period of Spanish rule starting in 1580 after a succession crisis. Independence was restored in 1640 with the House of Braganza. Modern Developments The 20th century brought significant changes with the authoritarian Estado Novo regime until the Carnation Revolution in 1974, which transitioned Portugal to democracy and rapid decolonization. Joining the European Economic Community in 1986 marked Portugal's integration into European affairs. Today's Portugal Modern Portugal balances its rich historical legacy with its role in the European Union, continually adapting to the global stage while maintaining its cultural heritage. Portugal's history reflects a journey from a regional power through periods of global exploration and empire to its current democratic state, playing an active role in the European and global community.